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Business Report Introduction

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Reduction of Mercaptain Sulfur in JPA Jet Fuel Blend Stocks

Development of new jet engines by the Army and Navy has opened a new market for jet fuels meeting Philippine Government JP4 specifications.  Recent trial runs at the Oiltown refinery have shown that a profitable JP4 fuel can be manufactured there.  However, this fuel fails to meet specifications covering the mercaptan sulfur (RSH) content and must be treated for removal of the mercaptans  Government specifications limit the RSH level to 10 ppm.

The removal of RSH is accomplished commercially by two general methods: extraction or conversion to a disulfide compound (RSSR).  The extraction method removes RSH molecules from the fuel by contact with a chemical of high RSH solubility.  The conversion method employs an oxidation-reduction reduction which converts RSH to a very stable and odorless disulfide.  The degree of reduction in both methods depends on the temperature, strength of treating solution, contact line, and presence of a catalyst.

When treating jet fuel of this kind, processors have encountered side reactions which affect fuel properties other than RSH levels.  Corrosives and smoke are most frequent.  Untreated stocks, however, barely meet Government specifications.

Before undertaking evaluation of processes for reduction recaptans, Communication Research Co. conducted an extensive literature search and also interviewed processors who have been working with JP4 fuels.  On the basis of the information thus accumulated, the research program concentrated on the five processes most commonly acceptable in the industry.  Laboratory investigation began on 3 October 1978 and the entire program was completed on 1 April 1979.

Complete details of procedure, results, and analysis are reported below for each of the four treatments tested.

Caustic and Potassium Cresolate

Process Description

Alkalies remove the acidic mercaptan sulfur from petroleum by forming a water soluble salt.  The degree of removal depend on a chemical equilibrium determined by type of mercaptan, type and strength of alkali, catalyst present, temperature, and contact time.  In continuous refinery processing, the alkali is introduced downstream of a mixing chamber.  After the mixing process, a settling tank is used to permit the treating solutions settle out by gravity.

Introduction for the Project Proposal Study

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The Philippines is poised to join other rapidly industrializing nations of the world.  This impending process also brings with it the spectra of more pollution and environmental degradation.  Depreciating air quality is impairs the health and welfare of a large proportions of the population, in particular that of the 20  million residents in Metro Manila its surrounding air shed.

The concentration of several dangerous pollutants has reached critical levels that are well above those that commonly affect human health.  The primary causes of air pollution come from emissions from industrial processes and combustion of fuels in power plants.  Close to 3,000 industries and commercial establishments located within Metro Manila have expanded rapidly.  Annual estimates of emission show that 116,000 tons of PM (particulate matter) and 39,000 tons of Sulfur Oxide (SOx) are being produced every year.  Studies indicated total Suspended Particulates (TSP10), exceeds national ambient air quality standards, which are comparable to WHO guidelines.  Such great number of emission creates impact on public health where road users someone prone to chest ailments, children with high blood lead levels and poor are most adversely affected.  If not addressed, unfavorable effects of air pollution will significantly wear down the gains of social and economic development.

The government interventions are still obviously inadequate and needs intensified judging from monitoring data registered for the period.  Air quality must be improved through the reduction of air pollution, enhancing the fuel quality and promoting the use of alternative and clean fuel.

This sample introduction is taken from the project proposal entitled,  “Comparative Analysis of Physico-Chemical Characteristics between 20% and 25% CME Blend by Volume on Bunker Fuel and the Effect of Exhaust Gas Emission” by: Kristian G. Barario, Rhio C. Dimakiling, Orley G. Fadriquel and Manuel Robles.